Contraindications

1. Pregnancy (second trimester and beyond)
2. Cauda equine syndrome
3. Severe osteoporosis – plain films show greater that 45% bone loss or less than 2 standard deviations below the mean on DEXA test
4. Metastatic or primary neoplasm in the spine
5. Hemangioma that invades the endplate
6. Ankylosing spondylitis
7. Prior Lumbar Fusion with instrumentation – fixation hardware
8. Abdominal aortic aneurysm
9. Pelvic or abdominal cancer
10. Rheumatoid spondylitis
11. Infections of the spine including discitis
12. Severe osseous stenosis
13. Tumors
14. Fractures
15. Any pathological or congenital deformities of the vertebral column that disrupt the integrity of the vertebral and/or ligamental structures.

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